DIAGRAM: Leaf Bases
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Pterophyta/Salvineales
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Saprolegnia / Saprolegnia / Saprolegnia / Saprolegnia
The sapwood of a tree is the xylem that is carrying water and minerals. The sapwood is typically lighter in color than the heartwood, the xylem in the center of the tree that is the storage area for waste products.
Scales can refer to a number of things. Typically, they refer to the small opaque but generally not green structures that cover the terminal bud during the dormancy of winter. They can also refer to leaves that are green and very small.
Scale-like leaves are very small and green. They may be overlapping and clothe the twig of plants like junipers, and cedars.
DIAGRAM: Scale-like Leaves
PHOTO:
Sclerenchyma is strengthening tissue that is dead when functioning. This is because the secondary cell wall is very thick and leaves a very small lumen in the cell. Sclerenchyma contains lignin, and thus stains red. There are two type of sclerenchyma cells, sclerids and fibers. Sclerids are star-shaped while fibers are very long slender structures.
DIAGRAM: Sclerenchyma
PHOTO: Fern Rhizome Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Pinus Stem Cross Section
Semicircular is a shape that is in the shape of a partial circle. Typically this is the shape of the pore in the guard cells. Each side of the pore is semicircular forming an elliptical opening.
Sclerids are classified as sclerenchyma, thick-walled and star-shaped. Sclerids are strengthening cells that are used for strengthening and are dead when functioning. The lumen is very small and the cell wall contains lignin and thus stains red.
DIAGRAM: Sclerid / Sclerenchyma
PHOTO:
(pollen wall)
The secondary cell wall is the thicker and more rigid cell wall of cellulose laid down after the cell reaches its full size during growth and differentiation.
DIAGRAM: Pits
PHOTO:
Secondary growth is growth in girth (circumference) of the stem as a result of the activity of the vascular cambium in the stem. Secondary growth produces woody stems only. Secondary growth can only occur after the vascular cambium has formed at the end of primary growth.
In vessels, the secondary cell wall is laid down in various patterns such as annular, spiral, reticulate, etc. These secondary cell wall thickenings of vessels are very helpful in their identification.
Secretory cells are cells that have the morphology of parenchyma cells but whose physiology is very different. They secrete resins, nectar, and other products unique to a particular species of plant. A good place to observe secretory cells is in the resin ducts of pine stems.
The seed coat is the skin around the outside of the seed. It is formed from the two integuments in the developing seed.
DIAGRAM: Cotyledons / Acorn
PHOTO: Seed Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Seed Dispersal
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Seed Cross Section / Seed Cross Section / Seed Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO:
Selaginella
/
Selaginella
/
Selaginella
/
Selaginella
Selaginella
/
Selaginella
(in connection with guard cell shape)
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Saprolegnia
Sessile is a term that describes a structure that is not sitting on a stalk. This term is frequently applied to leaves, leaves that have a lamina but no petiole so that the lamina is attached directly to the stem. Sessile also refers to animals in the ocean, like barnacles, that attach themselves to a rock and never move from that spot.
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Marchantia / Marchantia
The sheath is typically used in conjunction with a grass leaf. The sheath in the grass leaf is the portion of the leaf that acts like the petiole that attaches to the node, only in this case the sheath is flat like the lamina and surrounds the stem for some distance up the stem. At the top of the sheath the blade branches off at right angles to the sheath.
DIAGRAM: Monocot Leaf / Grass Leaf Structure
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Cotyledons / Shoot/Root
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Seeds Cross Section
The sieve plate is the end walls of the sieve-tube member. The sieve plate is an end wall that is filled with holes like a sieve. That is how it gets its name.
DIAGRAM: Sieve Plate
PHOTO:
A sieve tube is a series of sieve-tube members connected end to end. This entire structure is called a sieve tube.
DIAGRAM: Monocot Vascular Bundle / Sieve-tube Elements
PHOTO: Monocot Vascular Bundle Cross Section
Sieve-tube members are cells with sieve plates at each end stacked end to end to make a sieve tube. The sieve tube members are the individual cells. Each sieve tube member contains an adjacent companion cell.
DIAGRAM: Monocot Vascular Bundle / Sieve-tube Elements
PHOTO: Monocot Vascular Bundle Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Brassicaceae
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Brassicaceae
PHOTO:
Trichomes that are not branched.
Simple leaves are leaves that contain only one lamina per petiole. As constrasted with compound leaves, the compound leaves contain many lamina per petiole. Each lamina in this case is called a leaflet.
DIAGRAM: Simple/Compound Leaves / Types of Leaves
PHOTO:
Simple pits are concave spots in the vascular cells of the xylem. They come in pairs, adjacent to one another on opposite sides of adjacent cells. The secondary cell wall is missing on both sides where the concave part is. When comparing simple pits with bordered pits, the bordered pits have the secondary cell wall extending out making a covering over the pit. There is a pore in the secondary cell wall to let the water through.
DIAGRAM: Pits
PHOTO:
Sieve-tube members and companion cells are sister cells because they originate from the same procambial cell or vascular cambial cell. The vascular cambial cell, as it differentiates, divides once. One of the two daughter cells from that division becomes a sieve-tube member and the other one becomes a companion cell.
Softwood is xylem that contains only tracheids. Pine and fir wood is a good example of softwood. This is the type of wood that is used in framing a house. Hardwood, by contrast, contains both tracheids and vessels.
DIAGRAM: Fern Frond
PHOTO:
(taxonomic groups)
(ecosystem and taxonomic)
DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Puccinia
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Fern Prothallium Cross Section
The shape of a sphere. Like a basketball in shape.
DIAGRAM: Cactaceae
PHOTO:
The spongy parenchyma is the round, loosely packed chlorenchyma cells in the lower region of the mesophyll of the leaf. This is where most of the gas exchange occurs and where photosystem II is mostly active. There are large intercellular spaces between the cells so that gas exchange can readily occur. These large intercellular spaces have the special name of substomatal chambers.
DIAGRAM:
Leaf
Cross Section /
Leaf Cross
Section
Hydathode
PHOTO: Leaf Cross Section / Leaf Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
Psilotum
Equisetum
Strobilus
Fern
Frond
PHOTO: Psilotum Stem Cross Section
Lycopodium Strobilus Longitudinal Section
Equisetum Strobilus Cross Section
Fern
Leaf Cross Section
Fern
Leaf Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Equisetum Strobilus Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
Psilotum
Equisetum
Strobilus
PHOTO:
Lycopodium
Strobilus Longitudinal Section
Equisetum
Spores
Fern
Leaf Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Psilotum Stem Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Anthoceros / Anthoceros / Anthoceros
DIAGRAM: Equisetum Stem
PHOTO: Marchantia / Anthoceros / Equisetum Gametophyte
DIAGRAM: Spring/Summer Wood
PHOTO:
(ecosystem)
(oogonium of fucus)
(peas)
DIAGRAM: Cytoplasm/Cytosol Starch Grains
PHOTO: Root Cross Section
(wheat seed)
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Equisetum Stem Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Monocot Leaf / Grass Leaf Structure
PHOTO: Psilotum Stem Cross Section
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Coprinus
DIAGRAM: Equisetum Strobilus
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Narcissus
DIAGRAM:
Stipules are the small green leaf-like structures at the base of the petiole of the leaf.
Stolons are modified stems whose purpose is to spread the plant over the surface of the ground. Stolons in strawberries will run out from a given strawberry plant, form a single node in the middle and then at the second node it will form a new plant will form.
DIAGRAM: Stolon
PHOTO:
A stoma consists of a pore and two guard cells in the epidermis of a stem or leaf. Stoma is the singular form of the word.
DIAGRAM:
Stoma
/ Stoma
/
Stoma
Hydathode
PHOTO: Leaf Cross Section
A stomata consist of a pore and two guard cells in the epidermis of a stem or leaf. Stomata is the plural form of the word.
diagram of stomata
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Fern Leaf Cross Section
(procambial in a stem)
DIAGRAM: Equisetum Strobilus / Equisetum Stem
PHOTO: Equisetum
DIAGRAM: Chloroplast
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
(anthocerotae)
Suberin is a waxy substance secreted by cork cells that seals the stem against water loss, insect invasion, and infection by bacteria and fungal spores.
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Coprinus / Coprinus / Coprinus
The substomatal chambers are the vary large intercellular spaces that occur in the spongy parenchyma of the leaf mesophyll.
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Leaf Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Cactaceae
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Spring/Summer Wood
PHOTO:
Superior ovaries have the flower parts (calyx, corolla, and androecium) attached below the ovary to the receptacle. Hypogynous and superior ovary are synonymous terms.
diagram of superior ovary
Sympodial branching is irregular branching where there is a single short trunk and irregular branching above the trunk. An example of sympodial branching is an oak or maple tree.
