The palisade parenchyma is the elongated, tightly packed chlorenchyma cells in the upper region of the mesophyll of the leaf. This is where most of the trapping of light energy occurs by the chloroplasts (photosystem I). The chloroplasts circulate around the periphery (margin) of the cell by cytoplasmic streaming, carrying the chloroplasts up near the surface of the leaf and then back down again. This seems to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis.
DIAGRAM: Hydathode
PHOTO: Leaf
Cross Section / Leaf
Cross Section
Puccinia
Palmately compound leaves are compound leaves where the leaflets are all attached to the petiole at one point. The leaflets of a pinnately compound leaf radiadiate out from that point like your fingers do from your hand. This is how the palmately compound leaf got its name.
DIAGRAM: Types of Leaves
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Pinnate/Palmately Lobed Leaves
PHOTO:
Palmately netted leaves are leaves that have several main veins originating from the petiole. Each of the main veins will have secondary veins branching off.
DIAGRAM: Leaf Veination
PHOTO:
(anthoceros)
Parallel veined leaves have all the leaf veins running parallel to each other and lengthwise in the leaf. The secondary veins that branch off these main veins are very small and difficult to see with the naked eye. If you tear a parallel-veined leaf from apex to base, it will tear smooth, following a line between two parallel veins. Corn leaves are good examples of parallel-veined leaves.
DIAGRAM: Monocot Leaf
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Fucus / Fucus / Fucus / Fucus / Fucus
Parenchyma are isodiametric cells that are thin-walled and not extremely specialized. It is found in the cortex, pith and pith ray of the dicot stem and in the ground parenchyma of the monocot stem. It is the main lateral transport cell in the xylem and phloem.
DIAGRAM: Stem Tangential Section
Tissue Types
Monocot Vascular Bundle
Hydathode
PHOTO: Pinus
Stem Radial Section
Monocot Vascular Bundle Cross
Section
Leaf Cross Section
(silique)
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Narcissus
/ Narcissus / Narcissus / Narcissus
Composite Flower / Composite Flower
A peltate leave is a leaf with the petiole attached to the center of the leaf in the middle of the lamina. A leaf that is not peltate has the petiole attached to the base of the leaf.
(light in ocean)
DIAGRAM: Growth Cycles
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Narcissus / Narcissus / Narcissus
DIAGRAM: Acorn
PHOTO: Wheat Seed Longitudinal Section
DIAGRAM: Root Anatomy
PHOTO: Root
Cross Section
Fern Rhizome Cross Section
Periderm cells are cork cells in the stems of dicots. The periderm is produced by the phellogen (cork cambium) toward the outside of the stem. The periderm contains suberin, a waxy substance, that seals the stem against water loss and invasion by insects, and infection by bacteria and fungal spores. There are typically 4-6 layer of periderm cells.
DIAGRAM: Growth of Woody Stem
PHOTO:
Perigynous ovaries have the flower parts (calyx, corolla, and androecium) attached to a hypanthium. The hypanthium is found only in dicots and is a fusion of the calyx, corolla, and androecium whorls forming a small cup-shaped structure that surrounds the ovary. The base of the hypanthium is typically attached to the receptacle as is the case with the members of the rose family (Rosaceae) and is therefore said to by hypogynous. The hypanthium can also be epigynous, that is, attached to the top of the ovary, as is the case with the fuschia flower.
DIAGRAM: Ovary Position
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Moss Capsule Cross Section
(leaf bases)
The petiole is the stalk upon which the leaf stands. It is a stem-like structure that goes between the lamina and the stem.
The phelloderm is a single layer of cork cells to the inside of the phellogen (cork cambium). Phelloderm contains suberin, a waxy material that seals the stem against loss of water, invasion by insects, and infection by bacteria and fungal spores.
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Six-year Tilia Stem Cross Section
Phellogen is the cork cambium. It generates 5-6 layers of periderm towards the outside of the stem and one layer of phelloderm toward the inside of the stem. In the young stem the phellogen originates in the cortex. Because phellogen doesn't remain for the life of the tree, it dies after one to several years. Thus, subsequent phellogens will from in the outer region of the living phloem.
DIAGRAM: Growth of Woody Stem
PHOTO: Six-year Tilia Stem Cross Section
Phloem is a tissue that contain the vascular cells that carries photosynthetic products throughout the plant. The conduction cells in the phloem are the sieve-tube members.
DIAGRAM:
Stem Sections
Growth of Woody Stem
Root Anatomy
Vascular Cylinder
PHOTO: One-Year
Tilia Stem Cross Section
Three-Year Tilia Stem Cross
Section
Three-year Tilia Stem
Cross Section
Three-year Tilia Stem
Cross Section
Six-year Tilia Stem
Cross Section
Root Cross Section
Root Cross Section
Root Cross Section
Root Cross Section
Root Cross Section
Psilotum Stem Cross
Section
Psilotum Stem Cross
Section
Equisetum Stem Cross
Section
Equisetum Rhizome Cross
Section
Fern Rhizome Cross Section
Fern Rhizome Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Stem Sections
PHOTO: Three-year Tilia Stem Cross Section
(phloem transport)
Photosynthesis is the process whereby light energy from the sun is trapped in the chloroplast of the plant. This trapped energy is used to combine the carbon molecules from carbon dioxide into sugar molecules, the fuel that all cells use for energy.
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Composite Flower / Composite Flower
(water potential)
DIAGRAM:
Pines are in the genus Pinus, the family Pinaceae, and the Division Coniferophyta. Pines are characterized by needle-like leaves in bundles of 1-5 needles each depending upon the species of pine. In addition, the cones are woody, and are pendulous on the tree.
DIAGRAM: Fern Frond
PHOTO:
Pinnately compound leaves are leaves that have a rachis attached to the petiole and the leaflets are attached to the rachis.
Pinnately compound leaves may be once, twice, or three-times pinnate. The once pinnate leaf is where the leaflets are attached to the rachis. Twice pinnately compound leaves are leaves that have secondary rachises that are perpendicular to the rachis and the leaflets are attached to the secondary rachises. A three-times pinnate leaf will have a single rachis with a secondary rachises perpendicular to the rachis and tertiary rachises perpendicular to the secondary rachises with the leaflets attached to the tertiary rachises.
DIAGRAM: Types of Leaves
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Pinnately/Palmately Lobed Leaves
PHOTO:
Pinnately netted leaves are dicot leaves where there is a single primary midvein with secondary veins branching off the midvein. Pinnately netted veins can be contrasted with palmately netted veins where there are several primary veins originating from the petiole. There are secondary veins that branch off these primary veins.
DIAGRAM: Leaf Veination
PHOTO:
The pith is the parenchyma cells in the center of the primary dicot stem.
DIAGRAM: Growth of Woody Stem
PHOTO: One-year
Tilia Stem
Three-year Tilia Stem
Three-year Tilia Stem
Six-Year Tilia Stem
Pith rays are the parenchyma cells between the vascular bundles in the primary dicot stem.
DIAGRAM: Growth of Woody Stem
PHOTO: One-year
Tilia Stem
Three-year Tilia Stem
Three-year Tilia Stem
Six-Year Tilia Stem
The pit membrane is the two primary cell walls and the middle lamella between the pit pair.
DIAGRAM: Pits
PHOTO:
Pit pairs are adjacent pits in adjacent pits on either side of the two adjacent cell walls.
DIAGRAM: Pit Pairs
PHOTO:
Pits are spots on the vascular cells in plant cells that contain no secondary cell wall which aids in the passage of water through the cells walls. The pit membrane being impermeable to cavitation bubbles helps to localize cavitation during water stress in the plant.
DIAGRAM: Pits
Sclerenchyma
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Cross
Section of Ovary
Cross Section of Ovary
Narcissus / Narcissus
Plasmodesmata are holes through the cell wall of adjacent plant cells though which the endoplasmic reticula pass. This allows quick chemical communication between cells.
Plasmodesmata is the singular and plasmodesmata is the plural form of the word.
The plasmalemma is the name for the cell membrane in plants. It is the membrane that contains the contents of the cell. The primary and secondary cell walls are laid down by the cell outside the plasmalemma.
Plastids are colorless structures in the plant cells that contain various products. Chloroplastids contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
The plumule is a cluster of embryonic leaves at the tip of the embryonic shoot in the seed. This structure will become the first leaves to begin photosynthesis and turn green when the shoot tip reaches the sun.
DIAGRAM: Cotyledons
Acorn
PHOTO:
(distribution)
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Pollen Grains Whole Mount
DIAGRAM: Pollinators
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Fern Frond
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM: Ribosomes
PHOTO:
The pore is the opening in something. In the stoma it is the opening that is bordered by the guard cells. In the bordered pit, it is the opening in the border that lets the water through.
DIAGRAM: Hydathode
PHOTO:
P-protein is phloem protein. It a spider web of protein strands in the sieve-tube member that will tear lose and pile up against the sieve plate when there is damage to the stem and pressure is suddenly lost in the sieve-tube. It is a defense mechanism similar to the clotting of blood to prevent the loss of food products in the phloem tissue.
The fully differentiated and mature cells originating from the primary meristem tissues are the primary tissues. Primary tissues generally occur in the stem immediately below the apical meristem where all the cells have differentiated but where secondary growth has not yet begun to occur. In the root, it is at the top end of the root hair zone. The primary tissues may be thought of as the end differentiation of the cells from the apical meristem before secondary growth begins.
Primary growth is growth in length of the stem as a result of the activity of the apical meristem contained within the terminal bud. Primary growth produces herbaceous stems only.
DIAGRAM: Growth of Woody Stem
PHOTO:
The primary cell wall is composed of cellulose and is the first, rather thin, cell wall that is laid down by the plant cell just after it divides.
DIAGRAM: Pits
PHOTO:
The primary meristem tissues are differentiated from the apical meristem. The primary meristem tissues include three different tissues: protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. The protoderm differentiates into the epidermis; the ground meristem differentiates into the cortex, pith ray, and pith; and the procambium differentiates into the vascular tissue.
Primary tissues are fully differentiated and mature tissues that result from primary growth. Their ultimate origin can be traced from the apical meristem to the primary meristem tissues to the primary tissues. These tissues are fully functional when differentiated. Some of the cells in the cortex (those between the vascular bundles in the pith ray region) will de-differentiate to become the interfascicular cambium portion of the vascular cambium.
Primordia are structures that are formed on the flanks (outer margin) of the apical meristem. Typical primordial structures are leaf primordia, flower buds, and lateral buds.
The procambial strands are the strands of procambium that are embedded in the ground meristem in both the monocot and dicot stems. These procambial strands will differentiate into vascular bundles of xylem and phloem in both monocots and dicots.
The procambium is one of the primary meristem tissues that is differentiated form the apical meristem. The procambium differentiates into the vascular bundle and vascular tissues.
(energy production in ecosystem)
The protists are a group of organisms that belong to the Kingdom Protista. These include all the single-celled organisms that may cluster together into colonies, or filaments, or remain single cells. The algae, amoeba, paramecium, euglena, etc. belong to this group.
The protoderm is one of the primary meristem tissues that is differentiated from the apical meristem. The protoderm differentiates into the epidermis.
DIAGRAM:
The protoplasm is the entire contents of the cell inside the plasmalemma (cell membrane).
In some cells, such as the epidermis of roots, the cell pushes out a long filament or hair-like structure. This hair-like structure is all part of the original cell and the protoplasm of the cell extends out into the hair. In fact, the nucleus of the epidermal cells is at the tip of the hair-like structure, causing it to elongate.
DIAGRAM: Vascular Cylinder
PHOTO: Root Cross Section / Root Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Root Anatomy
PHOTO: Root Cross Section / Root Cross Section
DIAGRAM: Psilotum
PHOTO: Psilotum Stem Cross
Section
Psilotum Stem Cross
Section
Psilotum Sporangium
DIAGRAM: Pterophyta/Ophioglossales
Pterophyta/Salvineales
Pterophyta/Marsileales
PHOTO:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia
Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia
Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia
DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM:
PHOTO: Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia / Puccinia
