DIAGRAMS: Cactus Plant
PHOTOS:
Callose is a carbohydrate substance, secreted around the sieve plate, that controls the size of the holes in the sieve plate apertures in order to control the volume of flow of photosynthetic products that flow through the phloem.
DIAGRAMS: Capsule Fruit
PHOTOS: Marchantia / Marchantia
A carbohydrate substance is a substance that has the general chemical structure of a sugar.
Carinal canals are found in the stems and rhizomes of horsetails (Equisetum). There are two different canals in horsetails, carinal canals and vallecular canals. The carinal canals are the smaller of the two and are associated with the vascular bundles, opposite the ridges of the stem and rhizome.
DIAGRAMS: Equisetum Stem
PHOTOS: Equisetum Stem / Equisetum Stem / Equisetum Stem
Equisetum
Rhizome /
Equisetum
Rhizome
Equisetum
Rhizome
(for plants that open their stomates at night)
DIAGRAMS: Dicot Root Vascular Cylinder
PHOTOS:
Dicot
Root Vascular Cylinder
Monocot
Root Vascular Cylinder
A catkin is one of several types of inflorescences that can be described as a spike of unisexual flowers. The catkin can be either pendulous or erect depending upon the species. Catkins are also have the name, ament.
DIAGRAMS: Catkin
PHOTOS:
Cavitation is when water is "broken apart." It occurs in vessels and tracheids when the tension on the water being pulled through the xylem becomes too great and breaks the column of water producing bubbles in these cells. Cavitation also occurs when the propeller of a boat begins to spin and ceases to propel the boat in a tight turn.
Cedars are gymnosperms in Division Coniferophyta and the family Cupressaceae that have woody conelike fruits and overlapping scale-like leaves.
(hormone)
(hormone)
DIAGRAMS: Cell Wall / Cytoplasm / Microtubules
PHOTOS:
Cellulose is a polymer of six-carbon sugar molecules. It is the main component in plant cell walls. Cellulose is generally undigestable by animals.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: Equisetum Stem / Equisetum Stem
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: Moss Stem
Chlorenchyma cells are parenchyma cells that contain chlorophyll and can thus carry on photosynthesis. Chlorenchyma cells are the principle cells in the palisade and spongy parenchyma of the leaf mesophyll.
DIAGRAMS: Tissue Types
PHOTOS:
DIAGRAMS: Chloroplast / Stomata / Cytoplasm
PHOTOS:
Chromosomes are the threads of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the nucleus of the cell that contains all of the information necessary to grow an entire plant.
A cladode is a modified stem that looks somewhat like a leaf. It it typically flat, green, and contains more width than a typical stem. It will bear leaves, flowers and fruits. This is a synonym for cladophyll.
A cladophyll is a modified stem that looks somewhat like a leaf. It it typically flat, green, and contains more width than a typical stem. It will bear leaves, flowers and fruits. This is a synonym for cladode.
(earth)
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: Puccinia
(ecosystem)
Collenchyma are living cells that are used for strengthening. They are elongate with thick walls in the corners where several of these cells come together. These cells are typically found just under the epidermis in a number of different types of stems. The stringy cells in celery are collenchyma cells.
DIAGRAMS: Tissue Types
PHOTOS:
Usually refers to the way algal cells cluster together. A colony is an irregular cluster of algal cells.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: Anthoceros Capsule / Moss Capsule / Moss Capsule
Companion cells always exist together with sieve-tube members. Sieve-tube members and companion cells are called sister cells because they originate from the same procambial cell or fusiform initial in the vascular cambium. The order of development is that the meristem cell begins to differentiate by dividing once to form two cells, then one of the two cells differentiates further into a companion cell and the other into a sieve-tube member.
DIAGRAMS: Sieve-Tube Element / Monocot Vascular Bundle
PHOTOS: Monocot Vascular Bundle
complete flower (ecosystem)
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS:
Composite
Flower /
Composite
Flower
Composite
Flower /
Composite
Flower
Composite
Flower /
Composite
Flower
Composite
Flower /
Composite
Flower
Composite
Flower
A compound leaf is a leaf that has more than one lamina (leaflets) as compared to a simple leaf that has only one lamina. A compound leaf can be of two types, either pinnately compound or palmately compound. There are three criteria that makes a leaf compound: Lateral buds only occur in the axils of leaves, not in the axils of leaflets. Thus, the leaf is compound if there are NO buds in the axils of the leaflets.
Compound leaves have their leaflets all oriented in the same plane. Simple leaves, by comparison, have all their leaflets oriented in different planes.
Compound leaves, when they fall from a tree, fall as a unit with all their leaflets in tact. Simple leaves, by comparison, fall separately. Thus, if there are fallen leaves on the ground that contain several leaflets, then the leaves are compound.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS:
Fucus
Female Conceptacle /
Fucus
Female Conceptacle
Fucus
Male Conceptacle /
Fucus
Male Conceptacle
A cone is the reproductive fruiting structure of many tracheophytes. The cone may or may not be woody but is consists of many scales with the seeds borne on the surface of the cone scales. The cone starts out as a cluster of sporophylls at the tip of a branch, each sporophyll producing either spores or seeds on its upper surface. The sporophyll, at maturity, becomes a cone scale.
A cone scale is one of the "leaves" of a cone. The cone scale starts out as a sporophyll with either spores or seed developing on its upper surface. A cluster of sporophylls at the tip of a branch is termed a strobilus. In pines and firs these strobili are woody and produce seeds.
DIAGRAMS: Cone Scale
PHOTOS:
(pollen sac)
(first law)
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS:
Coprinus
/
Coprinus
/
Coprinus
Coprinus
/
Coprinus
/
Coprinus
Cork cells are the cells that develop around the periphery of the stem to protect it from water loss and invasion by insects, bacteria, and fungi spores. Cork contains suberin, a waxy substance that is water proof. Cork is synonymous with periderm.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: 6-Year Tilia Stem
The cork cambium is a synonym for phellogen. It is a cambium that forms in the cortex of the young stem and the pericycle of the young root. It then divides, as a typical cambium does, on both sides of the cambium. On the outer side about 4-5 layers of cells are formed. On the inside only one layer of cells is formed. The outer cells are called cork cells, the single inner layer is called phelloderm. All of these cells contain suberin, a waxy substance that makes the cork water proof. In the old stems, the cork cambium forms in the outer regions of the living phloem.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: 6-Year Tilia Stem
A corm is a modified stem that has the appearance of a bulb in that it is round, but it differs from a bulb in that it has no scales and is solid. A gladolius produces a corm.
DIAGRAMS: Corm
PHOTOS:
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS: Composite Flower
The cortex is a band of several layers of parenchyma cells just under the epidermis in both the stem and the root. It is differentiated from the primary meristem tissue, ground meristem.
DIAGRAMS: Growth of Woody Stem / Root Anatomy
PHOTOS: Monocot Stem / 6-Year Tilia Stem / Pinus Stem
Dicot
Root
Monocot
Root 1 /
Monocot Root
2
(fucus stipe)
The cotyledons are the leaf-like structures in the seed. In a dicot seed, there are two halves to the seed as in a bean. These two halves are the seed leaves of the bean seed. In the corn seed, there is only one seed leaf, thus the seed is not divided into two halves.
DIAGRAMS: Cotyledons / Acorn
PHOTOS:
(in connection with guard cell shape)
DIAGRAMS: Mitochondria
PHOTOS:
DIAGRAMS:
A cross section is a section perpendicular to the long axis of the object. Thus, in a stem, a cross section would be a cut cross ways (perpendicular to the length) on the stem.
DIAGRAMS: Acorn
PHOTOS:
DIAGRAMS: Acorn
PHOTOS:
(cure fish)
The cuticle is a thin layer of waxy material composed of cutin that is secreted by the epidermal cells. All cells in the epidermis contain this, even the guard cells. It makes the cells water proof and protects the stem from loss of water and invasion by fungal spores, insects, and bacteria.
DIAGRAMS: Leaf Cross-section / Hydathode
PHOTOS:
1-Year
Tilia Stem
6-Year
Tilia Stem 1 /
6-Year
Tilia Stem 2
Cutin is the waxy material secreted by the epidermis that makes up the cuticle on the surface of the epidermis.
A cylinder can be described as a hollow rod-shaped structure. As we apply it to botanical structures, such as the vascular cambium, it is a thin band of meristem tissue that circles the entire stem and extends up and down the stem like a cylinder. In Anthoceros, a cylinder of sporogenous tissue is formed lengthwise in the sporophyte.
DIAGRAMS:
PHOTOS:
The cytoplasm is the portion of the living cell that is contained with in the lumen of the cell excluding the nucleus. The cytoplasm may also be described as the liquid portion of the cell with all of the various organelles embedded within this liquid matrix, excluding the matrix. Finally, the cytoplasm may be described as all the material inside the plasmalemma or cell membrane excluding the nucleus.
DIAGRAMS: Cytoplasm / Sclerenchyma / Cell Wall
PHOTOS:
DIAGRAMS: Cytoplasm
PHOTOS:
